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构词法
一、合成法
将两个或两个以上独立且语义不同的单词合在一起构成新词的方法叫作合成法
(1)名词+名词 basket+ball= basketbal(篮球)life+time= lifetime(一生)
(2)动词+名词:play+ ground= playground(操场) watch+ tower=watchtower(瞭望塔)
(3)形容词+名词: short+hand= shorthand(速记) black+ board=blackboard(黑板)
(4)介词+名词:over+coat= overcoat(大衣) after+noon= afternoon(下午)
(5)副词+名词:out+side= outside(外面)down+ stairs= downstairs(楼下)
二、派生法
通过在词根前加前缀或在词根后加后缀构成新词的方法叫做派生法。
1.前缀法
a.表示否定意义的前缀
un- unfair unhappy, unfinished, undress
dis- disagree , disbelieve dislike
in- , il-(在字母l前)，im- (在字母m,b,p前)，ir- (在字母r前) ： inaccurate， illegible， impolite imbalance， irregular
mis- mistake misbehave mislead
b.表示其他意义的前缀
en- “使……”encourage enrich enlarge
inter- “相互” international intercontinental
re- “再，又，重” recycle rethink retell
tele- “远程的” telephone telescope telegraph
auto- “自动的”automobile automatic
micro- “极小的，微小的” microcomputer, microwave
self- “自己，本身” self-centered , self-confident , self-control
under- “在……下面，……下的，不足的” underground, underline, underestimate
2. 后缀法
a . 名词后缀
-er / or “表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container
-ese “某国(人)的”Chinese, Japanese
-ian “某国、某地人;精通……的人”musician, Asian, Russian, technician
-ist “某种主义或职业者”physicist, scientist, communist，socialist
-ess “表女性，雌性”hostess, actress, princess
-ment “行为或其状态”government, movement, achievement
-ness “性质，状态”illness, sadness, carelessness
-tion “动作，过程，结果”invention, organization, translation
-ance/ ence “抽象;行为、性质、状态”importance, appearance, absence, existence
-th “性质、情况” depth, warmth, truth
-ful “(满的)量”handful, spoonful, mouthful
-(a)bility “抽象、性质、状态”possibility, disability, reliability
-al “过程、状态”survival, arrival, approval
-y “性质、情况”modesty, delivery, honesty
-dom “处于……状态;性质”freedom, boredom
-age “状态，行为，身份及其结果”courage, storage, marriage
b . 动词后缀
-fy / ify “使得;变得” simplify, beautify, purify
-en “使成为;变得” shorten, deepen, sadden
-ize “使成为” apologize, realize, specialize
c. 形容词后缀
-able “可……的，具有……的”acceptable, drinkable, knowledgeable , reasonable
-al “与……有关的”physical, magical, political
-an “属于某地方的人”American African
-ern “方向”southern, northern, eastern
-ful/ less “(没)有……的”helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless
-ish “如……的;有……特征的”foolish childish selfish
-ive “有……倾向的”active attractive expensive
-en “由……制成的”golden wooden woolen
-ous “有(性质)的”famous, dangerous, poisonous
-ly “有……性质的”friendly yearly daily
-y “构成形容词”noisy dusty cloudy
d. 副词后缀
-ly “方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily
-ward(s) “向……” towards, forward, upwards
e. 数词后缀
-teen “十几” fifteen, eighteen, thirteen
-ty “整十位数” forty, fifty, sixty
-th “序数词” fifteenth, twentieth
三、转化法
把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。
(1)动词→名词
drink(喝)→ drink(饮料) smoke(抽烟)→ smoke(烟)
(2)名词→动词
show(展览)→show(展示) water(水)→ water(给……浇水
(3)形容词→动词
slow(缓慢的)→slow(减慢) warm(温暖的)→→warm(使温暖)
习题训练
1. In general,Chopin is a _______(piano) of great ability
2. With the_______(develop) of technology, the journey to Mars might only take about 20 minutes inspacecraft in the future.
3.At present Chinese is______(wide) used around the world.
4.It is_______(polite) to stare at anyone or to talk loudly in public.
5.He is a( n) ______( honest) boy so we seldom believe what he says.
单项选择
6. The Golden Gate Bridge is a famous landmark in SanFrancisco, the USA. Which of the following words is created in the same way the word“ landmark”
A unpleasant B useless C summertime D surprising
7.The mountain I visited last Sunday isn’t very_______.
Few_______ go sightseeing there
A. tourist tourists B. touristy: tourist C. touristy tourists D. tourist tourist
解析：
1. pianist 2.development 3. widely 4. impolite 5.dishonest 6-7 CC
考法1形容词辨析
1. Why did she get so mad? It was only a_______joke.
A hopeless B hopeful C. harmless D. harmful
考法2动词辨析
2.-Jenny, I hear there will be an art club in our school.
Wonderful! I can't wait to_____it.
A. repeat B. forget C. receive D join
考法3动词短语辨析
3. In our daily life, we must learn to_______ourselves well at any time. It's as important as studying.
A. deal with B worry about C. look after
考法4固定结构
4. -I'm sorry to have kept you_______for such a long time.
It doesn’t matter.
A wait B. waiting C. to wait
考法5短语运用
5.吃太多盐对我们的健康不利。( no good for)(用括号内所给的短语将句子翻译成英语)
.
考法6构词法
用所给单词的适当形式填空
6.We should be_______(friend) to others at any time.
7. After class, children went out of their classroom to enjoy the_________(warm) of the sun.
8. Everyone should behave______in public (polite).
解析：
1-4 CDCB
5.Eating too much salt is no good for our healthy.
6.friendly 7.warmth 8.politely.
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