专题05 完形填空之逻辑关系
从完型填空的命题形式来看，每个空都不是孤立存在的，而是处在一整篇文章的大背景之中的。从这个角度来说，完型文章实际上是由已知信息和未知信息构成。通过相关已知信息提供的线索进行分析总结，结合选项定位出答案，这就是完型解题的基本方法。而相关已知信息一般在上下句之中，而上下句之间往往有明显的逻辑关系，因此熟练把握这种逻辑关系就成为解题的关键所在。
逻辑关系题是完型填空的重要考查点，且容易得分，故成为完型的重要得分点。完型中主要考察的五大逻辑关系为：对立关系、因果关系、并列关系、总分关系和递进关系。
Part 1 综述
一、对立关系
包括让步和转折关系，常见的标志词和短语：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately, although, even though, nevertheless, in spite of, regardless of, anyhow, instead of, rather than, not…but等。
如：
He must store a large quantity of grain ___ consuming all his grain immediately.
[A] other than [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than
答案：C
解析：此处考查的是逻辑关系，需要根据空前和空后来判断。空前“储存了大量粮食”与空后“消耗所有粮食”形成对立关系，选C instead of。
二、因果关系
常用的标志词和短语有：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, such…that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest, as a result, for this reason等。
如：
More families consist of one parent households or two working parents, ___, children are likely to have less supervision at home.
[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously
答案：B
解析：此处考查的是逻辑关系，需要根据空前和空后来判断。空前“更多的家庭是单亲家庭或双工家庭”与空后“孩子在家很少受到监管”之间是因果关系，故所B consequently。
三、并列关系
常用的标志词和短语有：and, or, neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same…as等。
如：
Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, ___ as a rejection of middle-class values.
[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else
答案：A
解析：此处考查的是逻辑关系，需要根据空前和空后来判断。空前“没有成功提升社会经济地位”与空后“排斥中产阶级的价值观”都可能是“犯罪”的原因，故空前和空后之间是并列关系，选A, or。
四、总分关系
常用的标志词和短语有：such as, for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically等。
如：
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases ___ the trial of Rosemary West.
[A]as to [B]for instance [C]in particular [D]such as
答案：D
解析：此处考查的是逻辑关系，需要根据空前和空后来判断。空前“prominent cases”与空后“the trial of Rosemary West”是包含的关系，总体与部分的关系，可以选for instance和such as，但for instance后面不能直接加名词，such as后要直接加名词，故选D such as。
