被动语态
【 五种基本句型 】
①主 谓 (无被动语态)
②主 谓 宾
③主+谓+间宾+直宾
④主+谓+宾+宾补
⑤主 系 表 (无被动语态)
被动语态
被动语态的基本结构为:be+done
各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构如下表(以动词do为例):
时态
|
主动语态
|
被动语态
|
|
|
一般现在时
|
do/does
|
am/is/are+done
|
|
一般过去时
|
did
|
was/were+done
|
|
现在进行时
|
am/is/are+doing
|
am/is/are+beingdone
|
|
现在完成时
|
have/has+done
|
have/has+been done
|
|
一般将来时
|
will/shall/be going to + do
|
will/shall/be going to+be done
|
|
过去进行时
|
was/were+doing
|
was/were+being done
|
|
过去将来时
|
would/should/be going to+do
|
would/should/be going to+be done
|
|
含有情态动词
|
can/may/must+do
|
can/may/must+be done
|
|
一.被动语态的用法:在被动语态中,主语是动作的承受者,主要用于下列几种情况:
(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。
如:This watch is made in China.
(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。
如:More trees must be planted every year.。
(3)需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。
如:Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.
(4)句子的主语是动作的承受者。
如:Many houses were washed away by the food.
二、主动语态和被动语态的转换
1.主动语态变为被动语态
(1)要将主动句里的宾语变为被动句中的主语,若主动句中的宾语是人称代词,要将宾语变成主格。
(2)把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语,主格变成宾格,并用by引导。
(3)谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。
主动语态: 动作执行者+谓语动词主动形式+动作承受者
被动语态: 动作承受者+谓语动词被动形式+动作执行者
如:We asked him to sing an English song.(变为被动语态) →He was asked to sing an English song by us.
2.带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态
谓语动词带双宾语时,既可以将间接宾语转化成主语,也可以将直接宾语转化为主语。若将间接宾语转化为主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语转化为主语则保留间接宾语,且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。
如:She gave me a book.(变为被动语态) →I was given a book by her.(间接宾语me改为了主语)
A book was given to me by her.(直接宾语a book 改为了主语)
3.动词短语变为被动语态
许多由动词和介词、副词构成的动词短语相当于及物动词,可以有宾语,也可以有被动语态。在变为被动语态时,不可丢掉构成动词短语的介词或副词。
如:We should speak to old men politely.(变为被动语态)
Old men should be spoken to politely.(to不可省略)